Nationalising women’s bodies: discourse and politics of prostitution in Ireland and Spain (1939-1975)
Resumen
This article explores how women’s sexuality has played a central role in building and reproducing the collective identity of the nation in two countries, Ireland and Spain. It argues how a nationalisation of women’s bodies created a symbolic and idealised version of womanhood, reinforced by a complex infrastructure of criminal code, places of rehabilitation and a system of surveillance operating through government, medical and religious institutions. We explore these processes through an analysis of the discourses governing prostitution in leading newspapers between 1939 and 1975, corresponding to the public nation-building projects to Catholic nationalism through the idealisation of family, motherhood and domestic life. Three key discourses from the newspaper coverage have been identified around prostitution: protecting the national body, the exile of women in prostitution and ordinary women as a threat, to trace the process of renewed nation building that occurred in both countries from the 1940s onwards.
Descargas
Citas
Alcaide González, Rafael. “Guereña Jean-Louis. La prostitución en la España contemporánea. Madrid: Marcial Pons, Ediciones de Historia. SA, 2003, 472 p.” Biblio 3W. Revista Bibliográfica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 9 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1344/b3w.9.2004.25499.
Alférez, Antonio. Cuarto poder en España. La prensa desde la Ley Fraga 1966. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 1986.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. London: Verso, 1993.
Castejón, Ramón. “Los médicos de la higiene: medicina y prostitución en la España contemporánea (1847-1918).” Bulletin d’Histoire Contemporaine de l’Espagne, 25(1997), pp. 73-88.
Cleminson, Richard and Hernández Burgos, Claudio. “The Purification of Vice: Early Francoism, Moral Crusade, and the Barrios of Granada, 1936-1951.” Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies (2015), 16(1), pp. 95-114.
Conrad, Kathryn A. Locked in the Family Cell: Gender, Sexuality and Political Agency in Irish National Discourse. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2004.
Crowley, Una and Kitchin, Rob. “Producing ‘Decent Girls’: Governmentality and the Moral Geographies of Sexual Conduct in Ireland (1922-1937).” Gender, Place and Culture, 15(2008), pp. 355-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690802155553.
Danet, Alina. Los trasplantes de órganos en España: cuerpo, emociones e identidad nacional en la prensa contemporánea. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Granada, 2013.
Enders, Victoria L. and Radcliff, Pamela B. Constructing Spanish Womanhood. Female Identity in Modern Spain. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999.
Evered, Emine and Evered, Kyle. “Protecting the National Body’: Regulating the Practice and the Place of Prostitution in Early Republican Turkey.” Gender, Place & Culture 20(2013), pp. 839-857. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2012.753584.
Ferriter, Diarmaid. Occasions of Sin. London: Profile Book, 2009.
Finlayson, Alan. “Sexuality and Nationality: Gendered Discourses of Ireland,” in Carver, Terrel and Mottier, Veronique (eds.) Politics of Sexuality, Identity, Gender, Citizenship. London: Routledge, 1998, pp. 91-101.
Garrett, Paul M. “The Abnormal Flight: The Migration and Repatriation of Irish Unmarried Mothers.” Social History, 25(2000), pp. 330-343.
Giner, José A. “Journalists, Mass Media and Public Opinion in Spain, 1938-1982,” in Mazwell, Kenneth. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy, Wesport: Grennwood Press, 1983, pp. 33-54.
Guereña, Jean L. “De la guerra de 1936-1939 a la actualidad,” in Guereña, José L. La prostitución en la España contemporánea. Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2003, pp. 399-450.
Hill, Myrtle. Women in Ireland: A Century of Change. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press, 2003. Howell, Philip. “Venereal Disease and the Politics of Prostitution in the Irish Free State.” Irish Historical Studies, xxxxviii (2003), pp. 320-341. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30006932.
Huertas, Josep M. Una historia de “La Vanguardia.” Barcelona: Angle Editorial, 2006.
Inglis, T. Truth, Power and Lies: Irish Society and the Case of the Kerry Babies. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2003. Kearney, Richard. Postnationalist Ireland: Politics, Culture, Philosophy. London: Routledge, 1997.
Leane, Maire. “Embodied Sexualities: Exploring Accounts of Irish Women’s Sexual Knowledge and Sexual Experiences, 1920-1970,” in Leane, Maire and Keily, Elizabeth (eds.) Sexualities and Irish Society. Dublin: Orphen, 2014, pp. 25-52.
Longhurst, Alex. “Culture and Development: The Impact of 1960s desarrollismo,” in Jordan, Barry and Morgan-Tamosunas, Rikki. (eds.). Contemporary Spanish Cultural Studies. London: Arnold, 2000, pp. 17-28.
Luddy, Maria. Prostitution and Irish Society 1800-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Marcum, Andrew B. Material Embodiments, Queer Visualities: Presenting Disability in American Public History. [Phd Dissertation]. Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico, 2014.
Medina-Doménech, Rosa and Menéndez-Navarro, Alfredo. “Tecnologías médicas, asistencia e identidades: nuevos escenarios para el estudio de la interacción pacientes- médicos,” in Martínez Pérez, José (ed.), La medicina ante el nuevo milenio: una perspectiva histórica, Albacete, 2004, pp. 697-711.
McCormick, Leanne. Regulating Sexuality: Women in Twentieth-Century Northern Ireland. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009.
Morcillo, Aurora. “Shaping True Catholic Womanhood: Francoist Educational Discourse on Women,” in Enders, Victoria and Radcliff, Pamela (eds.), Constructing Spanish womanhood. Female Identity in Modern Spain. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999, pp. 51-70.
Morcillo, Aurora. Constructing Spanish Womanhood. Female Identity in Modern Spain. The Female Body and the Francoist Body Politic. Bucknell: University Press, 2010.
Nash, Catherine. “Embodied Irishness: Gender, Sexuality and Irish Identity” in Graham, Brian (ed.) In Search of Ireland: A Cultural Geography. London: Routledge, 1997, pp. 108-128.
Nash, Mary. “Social Eugenics and Nationalist Race Hygiene in Early Twentieth Century Spain.” History of European Ideas, 15(2012), pp. 741-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(92)90086-R.
Nicolás Lazo, Gemma. La reglamentación de la prostitución en el Estado español. Genealogía jurídico- feminista de los discursos sobre prostitución y sexualidad. [Phd. Dissertation]. Barcelona: University of Barcelona, 2007.
Núñez, Mirta. Mujeres caídas: Prostitución en la España franquista. Barcelona: Oberón, 2003. O’Brien, Mark. De Valera, Fianna Fail and the “Irish Press”: The Truth in the News? Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2001.
Ortiz Heras, Manuel. “Mujer y dictadura franquista.” Aposta. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 28(2006), pp. 1-26. http://www.apostadigital.com/revistav3/hemeroteca/ortizheras.pdf. Outshoorn, Joyce (ed.). The Politics of Prostitution: Women’s Movements, Democratic States and the Globalisation of Sex Commerce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Prieto Borrego, Lucía. Mujer, moral y franquismo. Del velo al bikini. Málaga: Universidad de Málaga, 2018.
Redmond, Jennifer. “Gender, Emigration and Diverging Discourses: Irish Female Emigration 1922-1948,” in Valiulis, Maryann G. (ed.) Gender and Power in Irish History, Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2009, pp. 140-158.
Redondo, Gonzalo. Política, cultura y sociedad en la España de Franco: 1939-1975. Pamplona: Universidad de Navarra, 1999.
Reidy, Conor. “‘Loose and Immoral Lives’: Prostitution and the Female Criminal Inebriate in Ireland, 1900-1918,” in Redmond, Jennifer et al. (eds.) Sexual Politics in Modern Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2015, pp. 53-72.
Rivas Arjona, Mercedes. “II República española y prostitución: el camino hacia la aprobación del Decreto abolicionista de 1935.” Arenal, 20 (2013), pp. 345-368.
Roura, Assumpta. Mujeres para después de una guerra. Barcelona: Flor del Viento, 1998.
Roura, Assumpta. Un inmenso prostíbulo. Mujer y moralidad durante el franquismo. Barcelona: Editorial Base, 2005.
Ruiz Franco, María del Rosario. ¿Eternas menores? Las mujeres en el franquismo. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 2007.
Ryan, Louise. “Sexualising Emigration: Discourses of Irish Female Emigration in the 1930s’.” Women’s International Forum, 25 (2002), pp. 51-65.
Santana de la Cruz, Margarita. “Unidad de la patria, unidad de la ciencia: la retórica cientifica del régimen franquista” in Gómez, Amparo and Canales, Antonio F. (eds.). Ciencia y fascismo. Barcelona: Laertes, 2009, pp. 165-184.
Serlin, David. (ed.) Imagining Illness: Public Health and Visual Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 2010.
Smith, James M. “The Politics of Sexual Knowledge: The Origins of Ireland’s Containment Culture and the Carrigan Report (1931).” Journal of the History of Sexuality, 13 (2004), pp. 208-233.
Smith, James M. Ireland’s Magdalen Laundries and the Nation’s Architecture of Containment. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007.
Valiulis, Maryann G. “Virtuous Mothers and Dutiful Wives: The Politics of Sexuality in the Irish Free State,” in Valiulis, Maryann. (ed.) Gender and Power in Irish History. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2008, pp. 100-114.
Villar, Paco. Historia y leyenda del barrio chino. Barcelona: La Campana, 1996.
Walkowitz, Judith R. Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, class and the state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Ward, Eilis. “Prostitution and the Irish State: From Prohibitionism to a Globalised Sex Trade.”
Irish Political Studies, 25(2010), pp. 47-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/07907180903431988.
Weeks, Jeffrey. Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800. London: Longman, 1989.
Yuval-Davis, Nira. Gender and Nation. London: Sage, 1993.
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
Los artículos publicados en Clepsydra: Revista Internacional de estudios de género y teoría feminista se distribuyen bajo licencia Creative Commons del tipo Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Los trabajos originales publicados en Clepsydra, revista internacional de Estudios de Género y Teoría Feminista son propiedad de sus respectivos autores y autoras, quienes conceden libremente a la revista el derecho de primera publicación.
