Algumas notas sobre And. 1: a descrição dos eventos de 415 a.C. em três denúncias

Priscilla Gontijo Leite

doi:10.25145/j.fortunat.2022.35.06

Priscilla Gontijo Leite Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2616-7186

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.fortunat.2022.35.06

Palabras clave: Impiedad, mutilación de las Hermas, profanación de los Misterios eleusinos, Alcibíades, Andócides

Resumen

La profanación de los Misterios y la mutilación de las Hermas en 415 a.C. fueron dos eventos destacados que involucraron la impiedad (asebeia). Tenemos conocimiento de estos eventos principalmente a través del relato de Tucídides y Plutarco, y también a través de los discursos de Andócides (And. 1) y [Lisias] ([Lys.] 6). Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar cómo se narran estos hechos en And. 1 a través de tres denuncias presentadas por el orador: Andrómaco, Lido y Dioclides. Las denuncias se utilizaron para determinar la participación de la ciudadanía y el enfoque del trabajo estará en Andócides y Alcibíades. El artículo se dividirá en dos partes. La primera es una breve descripción de los acontecimientos del 415 a. C. y el significado de las Hermas y de los Misterios para la democracia ateniense. El segundo examina el uso retórico de estos hechos en And. 1.

Citas

AESCHINES (2000): Aeschines, transl. Chris CAREY, University of Texas Press, Austin.

ANDOCIDES (1962): On the Mysteries, ed. with introduction, commentary and appendixes by Douglas MACDOWELL, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

ANDOCIDES (1966): Discours, trad. Georges DALMEYDA, Les Belles Lettres, Paris.

ANDOCIDES (1995): Greek Orators, IV, transl. M. EDWARDS, Warminster.

ANTIFONTE & ANDÓCIDES (1991): Discursos y Fragmentos, trad. Jordi REDONDO SÁNCHEZ, Gredos, Madrid. ANTIPHON & ANDOCIDES (1998): Antiphon & Andocides, transl. Michael GAGARIN & Douglas M. MACDOWELL, University of Texas Press, Austin.

DEMOSTHENES (2002): Against Meidias, transl. D. M. MACDOWELL, Bristol Classical Press, London.

DEMOSTHENES (2008): Demosthenes, speeches 20-22, transl. Edward M. HARRIS, University of Texas Press, Austin.

LYSIAS (2000): Lysias, transl. S. C. TODD, University of Texas Press, Austin.

ISOCRATES (2000): Isocrates I, transl. David C. MIRHADY and Yun Lee TOO, University of Texas Press, Austin. PLUTARCO (2012): Vidas Paralelas: Alcibíades e Coriolano, trad. Maria do Céu FIALHO e Nuno SIMÕES RODRIGUES, Impressa da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra.

TUCÍDIDES (1987): História da Guerra do Peloponeso, trad. Mario DA GAMA KURY. Editora UnB, Brasília.

ALLEN, D. S. (2000): The World of Prometheus. The Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens, Princeton University Press, Princenton.

ARNAOUTOGLOU, I. (2007): «Fear of Slaves in Ancient Greek Legal Texts», en A. SERGHIDOU, Fear of Slaves, Fear of Enslavement in the Ancient Mediterranean, Presses Universitaires de FrancheComté, Besançon, pp. 133-144.

BAUMAN, R. A. (1990): Political trials in ancient Greece, Routledge, London.

BEARZOT, C. (2007): Vivere da democratici: studi su Lisia e la democrazia ateniense, L’Erma di Bretschneider, Roma.

BREMMER, J. N. (2014): «Initiation into the Eleusianian Mysteries: a “Thin” Description», en J. N. BREMMER, Initiation into the Mysteries of the Ancient World, de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, pp. 1-20.

BREMMER, J. N. (2019): «Religion and the limits of individualisation in ancient Athens: Andocides, Socrates, and the fair-breasted Phryne», en M. FUCHS et al. (eds.), Religious Individualisation. Historical Dimensions and Compartative Perspectives, de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, pp. 1009-1032.

BRUIT ZAIDMAN, L. - SCHMITT PANTEL, P. (1992): Religion in the Ancient Greek City, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

BURKERT, W. (1987): Ancient Mystery Cults, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

CALHOUN, G. M. (1913): Athenian Clubs in Politics and Litigation, The University of Texas Bulletin, Austin. CANEVARO, M. (2019): «Memory, the Orators, and the Public in Fourth Century BC Athens», en L. CASTAGNOLI et al. (eds.), Greek Memories. Theories and Practices, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 136-157.

CANEVARO, M. - HARRIS, E. (2012): «The documents in Andocides’ On the Mysteries», CQ 62 (1): 98-129. CARAWAN, E. (2004): «Andocides’ Defence and MacDowell’s Solution», en D. L. CAIRNS and R. A. KNOX, (eds.), Law, Rhetoric and Comedy in Classical Athens: essays in honour of Douglas M. MacDowell, Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, pp. 103-112.

CARAWAN, E. (2013): The Athenian Amnesty and Reconstructing the Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford. CLINTON, K. (1974): The Sacred Officials of the Eleusinian Mysteries, The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

COHEN, D. (1994): Law, sexuality and society: The enforcement of morals in classical Athens, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

DERENNE, E. (1930): Les procès d’impiété intentés aux philosophes à Athénes au V me et au IV me siècles avant J.C., Champion/Vaillant-Carmanne, Paris/Liége.

EIDINOW, E. (2015): «Ancient Greek Religion: ‘Embedded’… and Embodied», en C. TAYLOR and K. VLASSOPOULOS (eds.), Communities and Networks in the Ancient Greek World, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 54-79. EDWARDS, M. (2004): «Andocides», en I. JONG et al. (eds.), Narrators, Narratees, and Narratives in Ancient Greek Literature, Brill, Leiden, pp. 325-331.

FILONIK, J. (2013): «Athenian impiety trials: a reappraisal», Dike 16: 11-96.

FINLEY, M. I. (1988): Democracia antiga e moderna, Graal, Rio de Janeiro.

FURLEY, W. D. (1996): Andokides and the Herms. A Study of Crisis in Fifth-century Athenian Religion, BICS Supplement 65, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

GAGARIN, M. (1996): «The Torture of Slaves in Athenian Law», Cph 91 (1): 1-18.

GAGNÉ, R. (2009): «Mystery Inquisitors: Performance, Authority, and Sacrilege at Eleusis», ClAnt 28 (1): 211-247. GERNET, L. (1921): «Sur l’épiclérat», REG. 34 (1): 337-379.

GOMME, A. et. al. (eds.) (1970): A Historical Commentary on Thucydides Books V (25)-VII, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

GRIBBLE, D. (1997): «Rhetoric and History in [Andocides] 4, Against Alcibiades», CQ 47 (1): 367-391.

HARDING, P. (1987): «Rhetoric and Politics in Fourth-Century Athens», Phoenix 41 (1): 25-39.

HARRIS, E. (2007): «The Rule of Law in Athenian Democracy. Reflection on the Judicial Oath», Ethics & Politics IX (1): 55-74.

HARRIS, E. (2013): The Rule of Law in Action in Democratic Athens, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

HORNBLOWER, S. (2008): A commentary on Thucydides. Vol. I: Books I-III, Clarendon Paperbacks, Oxford.

KAPELLOS, A. (2017): «Alcibiades at Aegospotami and the Defeat of the Athenian Fleet. History and Rhetoric», La Parola del passato 72 (2): 303-323.

KAPELLOS, A. (2019a): «Xenophon and Lysias on the Arginousai Trial», Erga Logoi 7 (2): 1-26.

KAPELLOS, A. (2019b): Xenophon’s Peloponnesian War, de Gruyter, Berlin.

KENNEDY, G. A. (1958): «The oratory of Andocides», AJPh 79 (1): 32-43. LEÃO, D. F. (2012): «The Eleusinian Mysteries and political timing in the life of Alcibiades», en L. R. LANZILLOTA et. al., Plutarch in the Religious and Philosophical Discourse of Late Antiquity, Brill, Leiden, pp. 181-192.

LEITE, P. G. (2014): Ética e retórica forense: asebeia e hybris na caracterização dos adversários em Demóstenes, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra.

LEITE, P. G. (2017): Religião e jogos de poder: o Contra Mídias de Demóstenes, Prismas, Curitiba.

LODDO, L. (2019): «Alcibiades: was he a genuine political refugee?», QS 90: 5-28.

MACDOWELL, D. (1986): The Law in Classical Athens, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

MARR, J. L. (1971): «Andocides’ Part in the Mysteries and Hermae Affaris 415 BC», CQ 21 (2): 326-338.

MARSHALL, M. H. B. (1974): «Andocides 1.8 and Thucydides 4.63», CQ 24 (1): 28-32.

MISSIOU, A. (1992): The subversive oratory of Andokides. Politics, Ideology and Decision-making in Democratic Athens, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

MOSSÉ, C. (1987): O processo de Sócrates, Zahar, Rio de Janeiro.

MOULINIER, L. (1952): Le pur et l’impur dans la pensée des grecs: d’Homère à Aristote, C. Klincksieck, Paris. MURRAY, O. (1990): «The Affair of the Mysteries: Democracy and the Drinking Group» en O. MURRAY (ed.), Sympotica. A Symposium on the Symposium, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 149-161.

NAIDEN, F. S. (2016): «Contagious Asebeia», CQ 66 (1): 59-74.

OBER, J. (2015): The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. OSBORNE, R. (1985): «The Erection and Mutilation of the Hermai», PCPS 31 (1): 47-73.

O’SULLIVAN, L. L. (1997): «Athenian impiety trials in the late fourth century BC», CQ 47 (1): 136-152.

PALERM RAMÓN, V. M. - SOPEÑA GENZOR, G. - VICENTE SÁNCHEZ, A. C. (eds.) (2019): Irreligiosidad y Literatura en la Atenas Clásica, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra.

PARKE, H. W. (1977): Festivals of the Athenians, Thames and Hudson, London.

PARKER, R. (1996a): Athenian Religion: a History, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

PARKER, R. (1996b): Miasma: Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

PATERA, I. (2019): «Individuals in the Eleusinian Mysteries: Choices and Actions», en M. FUCHS et al. (eds.), Religious Individualisation. Historical Dimensions and Compartative Perspectives, de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 669-694.

PHILLIPS, D. (2016): The Law of Ancient Athens, The University Michigan Press, Michigan.

QUINN, J. C. (2007): «Hermes, Kouroi and the Political Anatomy of Athens», G&R 54 (1): 82-105.

RHODES, P. (1972): The Athenian Boule, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

ROISMAN, J. - WORTHINGTON, I. - WATERFIELD, R. (2015): Lives of the Attic Orators. Texts from PseudoPlutarch, Photius, and the Suda, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

RUBINSTEIN, L. (2005): «Differentiated Rhetorical Strategies in the Athenian Courts», en M. GAGARIN and D. COHEN (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 129-145.

TODD, S. C. (2004): «Revisiting the Herms and the Mysteries», en D. L. CAIRNS and R. A. KNOX, (eds.), Law, Rhetoric and Comedy in Classical Athens: essays in honour of Douglas M. MacDowell, Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, pp. 87-102.

TODD, S. C. (2007): A commentary on Lysias. Speeches 1-11, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

TREVETT, J. (1995): «The use of Direct Speech by Attic Orators», en F. DE MARTINO - A. H. SOMMERSTEIN (eds.), Lo spettacolo delle voci, II, Levante, Bari, pp. 123-145.

SCHMITZ, T. A. (2000): «Plausibility in the Greek orators», AJPh 121 (1): 47-77.

SEAGER, R. (1978): «Andocides’ Confession: a Dubious Note», Historia 27 (1): 221-223.

SERAFIM, A. (2021): Religious Discourse in Attic Oratory and Politics, Routledge, New York.

SIKORSKI, C. F. (2020): «O uso do presente histórico em Andócides como estratégia de oralidade», en S. L. R. ROCHA (org.), História, Linguagem e Imagem na Oratória Clássica, Pontes Editores, Campinas.

SOMMERSTEIN, A. H. - TORRANCE, C. I. (2014): Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece, de Gruyter, Berlin.

USHER, S. (2001): Greek oratory. Tradition and originality, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

WALLACE, R. (1992): «Charmides, Agariste and Damon», CQ 42 (2): 328-335.

WESTWOOD, G. (2020): The Rhetorich of the Past in Demosthenes and Aeschines. Oratory, History and Politics in Classical Athens, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

WORTHINGTON, I. (1994): «History and oratorical exploitation», en I. WORTHINGTON (ed.), Persuasion: Greek Rhetoric in Action, Routledge, London, New York, pp. 109-129.

WORTHINGTON, I. (2020): «‘Fake News’: The Greek Orators’ Rhetorical Presentation of the Past», Roda da Fortuna 9 (1): 15-31.